Alterative, anodyne, antiphlogistic, antitussive, diuretic, emmenagogue, expectorant, febrifuge, styptic, tonic, vulnerary, hypoglycemic (EtOH extract of aerial part); cleanses the bowel, antiseptic and astringent (root).

Astringent, refrigerant, styptic and tonic (leaves); anodyne, astringent, diuretic, febrifuge, haemostatic, tonic and vulnerary (root)

Anodyne, astringent, diuretic, febrifuge, haemostatic, tonic and vulnerary (root)

Bechic (bark); vulnerary (resin); antiscorbutic (decoction of leaves).

Alterative, analgesic, antiinflammatory, depurative, diuretic, hypotensive, laxative, narcotic, sedative, vermifuge and vulnerary.

Abortifacient, astringent, diuretic, emetic, emmenagogue, hypotensive, laxative, rubefacient, vermifuge and vulnerary (plant)

Alleviates spasms, counteracts hyperactivity due to amphetamines, depresses the cardiovascular system, spermicidal, analgesic, diuretic, lithontriptic, vulnerary, sudorific and carminative (plant); diaphoretic (flower); carminative (flower and plant); anticoagulant, astringent and carminative (seed)

Antidepressant, antidiarrheic, anthelmintic, antiinflammatory, antiseptic, astringent, bitter, carminative, cerebrotonic, cholagogue, depurative, digestive, diuretic, expectorant,emmenagogue, hepatotonic, hypotensive, nervine, sedative, tranquilizer, tonic and vulnerary.

Antiseptic, antispasmodic, emetic, emmenagogue, expectorant, hemostatic, sedative and vulnerary.

Antiinflammatory, astringent, carminative, demulcent, diuretic, expectorant, laxative, refrigerant, vulnerary (plant)

Diuretic, antiseptic, expectorant, carminative, deodorant, anti-inflammatory, sedative and vulnerary (Benzoin oil)

Anodyne, astringent (mild), demulcent, emollient, expectorant, haemostatic, refrigerant, vulnerary (root and leaf)

Alterative, antipyretic, antiscorbutic, antiseptic, astringent, carminative, diaphoretic, diuretic, emmenagogue, expectorant, tonic and vulnerary.

Alterative, analgesic, antiaggregant, antiedemic, antiexudative, antiinflammatory, antiprostaglandin, antispasmodic, antitumor, astringent, carcinogenic, carminative, collyrium, decongestant, digestive, diuretic, emollient, expectorant, fumitory, hemostatic , hepatotoxic, hypotensive, immunostimulant, insecticide, lactagogue, laxativ, lymphotonic, myorelaxant, nervine, antidote, proteolytic, sedative, stimulant, tonic, vasodilator and vulnerary (plant);

Diuretic (leaves); astringent, desiccant, diuretic, haemostatic and vulnerary (pollen); astringent and diuretic (rootstock); haemostatic (seed).

Diuretic (leaves); astringent, diuretic, emmenagogue, haemostatic, refrigerant, sedative, suppurative and vulnerary (pollen); anticoagulant and haemostatic (dried pollen); diuretic, galactogogue, refrigerant and tonic (roots).

Astringent, demulcent, diaphoretic, diuretic, expectorant, tonic, vulnerary.

Mildly astringent, diuretic and vulnerary (whole plant)

Anodyne, discutient, diuretic, emmenagogue, galactogogue, styptic and vulnerary (seed); febrifuge and tonic (sap)

Anodyne, discutient, diuretic, emmenagogue, galactogogue, styptic and vulnerary (seed); febrifuge and tonic (plant sap)