Astringent (stem bark); laxative, astringent and anti-inflammatory (seed); antivinous, astringent, cardiac, carminative, digestive, diuretic, emollient, expectorant, pectoral, peptic, refrigerant, restorative, stimulant and tonic (fruit)

Antidepressant, antimicrobial, antibacterial, antifungal, aphrodisiac, calmative, stimulant (immune system), tonic (uterine).

Sedative, carminative, antiseptic, antimicrobial (in vivo), emmenagogue, antispasmodic, deodorant, diaphoretic, insecticide, parasitic, tonic and stimulant (plant oil).

Tonic and liver-protective (root)

Used medicinally as a tonic and aphrodisiac (stems)

Aphrodisiac, carminative, diuretic, emmenagogue, stimulant and tonic (tubers)

As tonic, stimulant, stomachic, febrifuge and astringent (plant); diuretic (rhizome)

Astringent, anthelmintic, diuretic, carminative, increases the secretion of gastric juices, stimulant and diaphoretic (tuber); antipyretic and antiinflammatory (rhizome oil)analgesic, antibacterial, antibiotic, antispasmodic, antitussive, aromatic, contraceptive, emmenagogue, lithontripic, sedative, antierysipelas, stomachic, tonic, vermifuge.

Narcotic, cathartic and strongly diuretic (plant); cardiotonic, cathartic, diuretic, emetic and vasoconstrictor (seeds or young herbaceous tips of flowering shoots)

Expectorant, aphrobisiac and as nervine tonic (tuber)

Astringent, expectorant, sedative, tonic.

Anodyne, antihemorraghic, hepatic, tonic

Used as a tonic (decoction of wood).

Useful as a cardiac tonic (decoction of leaves and flowers)

Protects liver (of rats) against damage at cellular level (root extract); astringent, expectorant, stimulant, antiparasitic and poisonous (to children and livestock); stimulant, alterative and tonic (root)

Antiphlogistic, pectoral, sialogogue, stomachic and tonic.

Astringent (leaves); drunk locally as a general tonic (decoction of the leaves).

Atiscorbutic and astringent (flowers, leaves); Cardiotonic, demulcent, diuretic, expectorant, febrifuge, laxative, restorative and tonic (seed)

Carminative, diuretic and tonic (roots)

Analgesic and antiinflammatory (root), Astringent, diuretic, febrifuge, expectorant, laxative, nervine, tonic.