Abortifacient, carcinogenic, emetic, immunostimulant, irritant, laxative, rubefacient, sialagogue, toxic and vesicant.

Anthelmintic,cathartic, laxative, kills mollusks and aids in inducing inflammation (latex); alleviates spasms and antiviral (stem).

Stimulant, laxative, antidiarreal and astringent (seed and leaf); antispasmodic. dilates bronchial tubes and antifungal (plant).

Its stem-extract has antifungal properties and the aerial parts are antiprotozoal. Emetic, laxative, rubefacient, anticancer and astringent (plant); stimulates the central nervous system. hypothermic and antiprotozoal (aerial part).

Alterative, antiperiodic, antispasmodic, cardiotonic, carminative, deobstruent, deodorant, expectorant, laxative, parasiticide, sedative, stimulant, tonic.

Antispasmodic, carminative, expectorant, laxative, sedative (gum resin)

It is considered that the laxative property resides in the saccharine juice of the fresh fruit and in the dried fruit is probably due to the indigestible seeds and skin. The fruit is mildly laxative, demulcent, digestive and pectoral. The unripe green fruits are cooked with other foods as a galactogogue and tonic. The roasted fruit is emollient and stimulates the cardiovascular system (aerial part).

Demulcent, emollient, laxative and poultice (fruits)

Laxative and demulcent (fruit).

The essential oil is bactericidal, carminative and stimulant; expectorant and antiinflammatory (fruit); laxative and antispasmodic (root); antimicrobial (essential fruit oil); carminative (leaf and fruit); oxytocic and abortifacient (essential seed oil).

Anti-bacterial, anti-fungal (seeds); antiseptic (herb); stimulates the heart, nervous system, gall bladder, antidote, antiphlogistic, antitussive, diuretic, emmenagogue, febrifuge, laxative and tonic (fruit)

Astringent, diuretic, laxative and tonic (leaves and fruits).

Antibacterial, antiherpetic, antileukemic, antispasmodic, depurative, diuretic, emetic, hepatotonic, laxative, peristaltic and prostaglandigenic.

Astringent, emmenagogue and a bitter tonic (bark); diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic and strongly laxative (inner bark); aphrodisiac (seed)

Bitter tonic, astringent, antiperiodic (bark); astringent, cathartic, diaphoretic, mildly diuretic, laxative and purgative (leaves); carminative (seed)

Diaphoretic, diuretic and laxative (leaves)

Antispasmodic, aperient, cholagogue, depurative, slightly diaphoretic, mildly diuretic, laxative, hepatoprotective and weakly tonic (herb)

Bitter, slightly acrid, astringent, laxative, diuretic and alterative (plant); for blood purification and in skin diseases, especially psoriasis (decoction)

Antiseptic and restricts the synthesis of fats in the liver and fatty acids in muscles (rind); laxative; antiseptic (fruit and leaves);

Laxative (heartwood, seed coat and gum resin); anthelmintic and diuretic; toxic (in high doses).