Febrifuge, stimulant, astringent, expectorant (bark); purgative and emmenagogue (root and root bark); stimulant, antispasmodic, tonic, stomachic, carminative, bitter and cooling (flowers and fruits).

Antibiotic, antimicrobial, anti-neurasthenic, antispasmodic, diuretic, nervine, poison, sedative

The root is aphrodisiac, diuretic and purgative; abortive, antibacterial, anticandidal, antifungal, antiviral, antispasmodic, uterine stimulant.

Abortifacient, antipyretic, antispasmodic, diaphoretic, digestive and vermifuge; anthelmintic, carminative, diuretic, expectorant, febrifuge, rubefacient and stimulant (leaves and flowering stems)

Carminative, stomachic, abortifacient, cardiac tonic, rubefacient, stimulant, aphrodisiac, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, diuretic. The seeds are used as antibacterial, anticholeric and anti-viral agents.

Anabolic, androgenic, analgesic (pain-reliever), anti-inflammatory, anti-Parkinson's, antispasmodic, antivenin, aphrodisiac, febrifuge, hormonal, hypocholesterolemic (lowers cholesterol), hypoglycemic, immunomodulator, nervine (balances/calms nerves), anti-neurasthenic.

Antiseptic (flowers); antispasmodic (infusion of flowers).

Astringent, antispasmodic and powerfully emetic (bulbs, leaves, flowers)

Antispasmodic, antiarrhythmic and lowers blood pressure (essential oil); stimulant (root); tranquillizing (in monkeys and mice) carminative, deobstruent, deodorant, diuretic, emmenagogue, laxative, nervine, sedative, stomachic.

Lowers blood pressure and antiarrhythmic (oil); sedative, tonic, antispasmodic, analgesic, promotes hair growth and stimulant.

Repels insects and attracts cats (flower); antispasmodic, antitussive, astringent, carminative, diaphoretic, slightly emmenagogue, refrigerant, sedative, slightly stimulant, stomachic and tonic (leaf and flower).

Narcotic (plant); antispasmodic, cathartic, emetic, narcotic and sedative (leaves).

Medicinally it is used as a sedative, diuretic, expectorant, discutient, and sialagogue, and internally only as an emetic, when all other emetics fail. The leaves are antispasmodic, discutient, diuretic, emetic, expectorant, irritant, narcotic, sedative and sialagogue.

Antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative, cholagogue, diaphoretic, diuretic, emmenagogue, expectorant, stimulant, stomachic and mildly tonic (herb)

Stimulant (essential oil); antimicrobial, expectorant, antiseptic, antiinflammatory, diaphoretic, aids in digestion and carminative (plant); antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative, cholagogue, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, expectorant, stimulant, stomachic and mildly tonic (leaves and flowering stem)

Alterative, analgesic, anodyne, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, antispasmodic, astringent, carminative, diuretic, emmenagogue, expectorant, febrifuge, hypotensive, nervine and tonic (root)

Antispasmodic, diuretic, sedative and tonic (root)

Analgesic, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antispasmodic, emmenagogue, sedative, styptic and tonic (root and root bark); antibacterial (plant)

Alterative, analgesic, anodyne, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, antispasmodic, astringent, carminative, diuretic, emmenagogue, expectorant, febrifuge, hypotensive, nervine and tonic (root)

A valuable non-addictive sedative and tranquilliser, slightly reduces blood pressure and increases respiratory rate (plant); antispasmodic, astringent, diaphoretic, hypnotic, narcotic, sedative and vasodilator (leaves and stems).