Astringent, anthelmintic, carminative, laxative.

Vermifuge (decoction of the root-bark); used as an astringent gargle (infusion of bark); diuretic (fruit); tonic and aphrodisiac (seeds).

As aphrodisiac (fruit); tonic and vermifuge (seeds); demulcent (leaves)

Depressant, astringent, anthelmintic and hypothermic (stem bark); agglutinant of blood (seed).

Anti-inflammatory, demulcent, diuretic, expectorant, febrifuge, tonic, aphrodisiac (fruit); anthelmintic (seed); antiviral (plant); highly nutritive, cooling, laxative and diuretic.

Anthelmintic, astringent, diaphoretic, diuretic and stimulant (bark); anti-inflammatory, analgesic and rubefacient (bark essential oil)

As an emmenagogue, expectorant, stimulant and antispasmodic (roots and seeds); vermifuge (leaf tea); antidiarrhetic (whole plant); antibacterial(plant extract).

Antiviral, anthelmintic, female contraceptive.

Aphrodisiac, diuretic, stomachic, cardiotonic, hepatoprotective, laxative, anthelmintic, febrifuge, expectorant and, in higher doses, as an emetic and purgative (root)

Diuretic, stomachic, cardiotonic, hepatoprotective, laxative, anthelmintic, febrifuge, expectorant and, in higher doses, as an emetic and purgative (root); aphrodisiac (root decoction); emetic, diuretic and laxative (decoctions of the roots and leaves); as a mild laxative and febrifuge (infusion of whole plant); abortifacient and ecbolic (infusion of leaves)

Cooling, diuretic, stimulant, antiphlegmatic, laxative (sap); cooling, restorative, diuretic and anthelmintic (root)

Antidiabetic, cardiotonic, stomachic, antifungal, antiulcerative, antiasthmatic and alleviates symptoms of rheumatism (leaf); increaseses secretion of gastric juices (leaf and seed); antihelmintic, diuretic, laxative and stomachic (seeds).

Febrifuge and cholagogue (roots); analgesic, antipyretic and haemostatic (fruits); astringent and anthelmintic (stem bark); depurative (leaves and roots)

Carminative, emetic, hallucinogen, intoxicant, narcotic, psychotropic, sedative, vermifuge.

Cathartic, cytotoxic, diaphoretic, expectorant, hydrogogue, irritant, pectoral, purgative and vermifuge, as a rubefacient to muscular and joint pains and pleurisy (root)

Antifertility (flower and seed); anthelmintic and laxative (seed); astringent (gum); stops secretions and hemostatic, bitter, pungent, emmenagogue, alliterative,tonic, diuretic, aphrodisiac.

Alterative, antirheumatic, cathartic, cholagogue, diaphoretic, febrifuge, oxytocic and vermifuge (leaves, bark); diaphoretic (wood)

Anthelmintic and antiascarid, diuretic (root); emollient and febrifuge (seed); anthelmintic (leaves and bark)

Purgative (roots); astringent, anthelmintic, analgesic, antipyretic, and antimalarial (seeds); emmenagogue and laxative (leaves)

Anticancer and alleviates spasms (aerial part); as a contraceptive by the hill tribes of Kerala (juice of the ripe fruit, and stone); vermifuge (wood)