Cardiotonic, emetic, thermogenic antispasmodic, stimulant, tonic, digestive, anthelmintic and diuretic (fruit); condiment, stimulant, carminative (seeds)

Aphrodisiac and diuretic (fruit); alleviates spasms and stimulates the cardiovascular system, abortifacient, alterative, anthelmintic, aphrodisiac, astringent, carminative, demulcent, diuretic, emmenagogue, galactogogue, pectoral and tonic (seed and plant); cardiotonic and enhances semen production (plant).

Cardian tonic and anti-febrile, emetic, useful in restoring the disordered processes of nutrition, creates a cooling effect in the body, root is purgative and tonic. Anthelmintic, purgative and emetic (fruit)

Aanodyne, antiphlogistic, blood purifier, depurative, febrifuge, resolvent, diuretic and galactagogue (root); vermifuge (seed); bechic and expectorant (roots and seeds).

Anthelminthic and carminative (whole plant)

Emollient, refrigerant and styptic (leaves); maturative (flowers); pectoral and expectorant in dry coughs (decoction of flowers); vermifuge (decoction of seeds).

Heart stimulant, anthelmintic, alexiteric, expectorant, cardiac, diuretic deobstruent and emmenagogue (bulb) and cyanogenetic (plant); aids in removing any obstructions to secretion or excretion (in the body) and expectorant.

Analgesic, anthelmintic, cathartic, emetic, errhine, expectorant, hypnotic and sternutatory (roots)

Anthelmintic and antiviral

As a tonic, febrifuge, astringent, alternative, diaphoretic, increasing the secretion of gastric juices, alleviates spasms anticancer and antiviral (plant); antidiarrheal (root); alexipharmic and anthelmintic (seed).

Astringent (root and bark); anthelmintic (bark)

Diaphoretic and diuretic (infusion of boiled roots); anthelmintic (fruits)/

Antirheumatic (seed oil); inhibits coagulation of blood platelets (leaf); as a vermifuge (bark powder)

Abortifacient, anthelminthic, antiseptic, carminative, emetic, emmenagogue, laxative and tonic.

Anthelmintic and antibacterial (fruit’s essential oil); kills insects and toxic (to fish) (seed and bark); carminative (seed); carminative, stomachic and anthelmintic (bark, fruit, seed).

Appetizer, anthelmintic, bitter, digestible and tasty (fruit); anthelmintic, tonic (seeds); hypoglycaemic (stems with thorns).

Anaesthetic, anthelmintic, aromatic, astringent, carminative, diuretic, emmenagogue, stimulant, sudorific, vasodilator and vermifuge (fruits); anaesthetic, anthelmintic, antibacterial, antifungal, antihypertensive and diuretic (pericarp)

Antirheumatic (plant); anodyne, antiphlogistic, carminative, depurative, sudorific, febrifuge and emmenagogue (root); astringent, anthelmintic, carminative, diaphoretic, stimulant, antipyretic and stomachic (decoction or powder of fruits); cooling, disinfectant, and bechic (decoction of leafy branches); powerfully stimulant and tonic (resin of root bark).

Antihelminthic and anti-diarrheic (boiled leaves); narcotic, tranquilliser, sedative, emollient and astringent (fruits)