Alterative, analgesic, antispasmodic, antitussive, demulcent, emetic, expectorant, hallucinogenic, purgative, sedative, stimulates cardiovascular system and respiration (root, stem and leaf extract); antiviral (plant).

Anthelmintic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative, cholagogue, diaphoretic, digestive, emmenagogue, expectorant, nervine, purgative, stimulant, slightly tonic (plant); appetizer, diuretic, haemostatic and stomachic (leaves); antirheumatic, antispasmodic, and stomachic (stem)

As astringent and purgative (roots); antimicrobial (bark and stem extract)

Diaphoretic, diuretic, expectorant, strongly purgative and vermifuge (root)

Anaesthetic, analgesic, antibacterial, antipyretic, antitussive, diaphoretic, diuretic, hypotensive, odontalgic and sternutatory (whole plant); analgesic, expectorant, sedative, diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic and purgative (roots)

Diuretic, emetic and purgative (leaves); purgative and emetic (fruits)

Astringent, tonic, alterative, purgative, emollient, anthelmintic, antiperiodic, anti-diabetic, antibacterial and antiviral.

Cholagogue, emetic, febrifuge and purgative (root); antiseptic, astringent and laxative (fresh root)

Analgesic, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, depurative, expectorant, febrifuge, pectoral, purgative, stomachic and tonic (root)

Anodyne, antispasmodic, antitussive, demulcent, digestive, emollient, expectorant, laxative, ophthalmic, purgative and tonic (herb)

Antiprotozoal (plant); hypothermic (fruit); laxative (fruit and root); promotes or stimulates the flow of bile and dilates blood vessels (root bark); antiseptic, astringent, cholagogue, hepatic, purgative, refrigerant, stomachic and tonic (bark and root bark)

Aphrodisiac, diuretic, stomachic, cardiotonic, hepatoprotective, laxative, anthelmintic, febrifuge, expectorant and, in higher doses, as an emetic and purgative (root)

Diuretic, stomachic, cardiotonic, hepatoprotective, laxative, anthelmintic, febrifuge, expectorant and, in higher doses, as an emetic and purgative (root); aphrodisiac (root decoction); emetic, diuretic and laxative (decoctions of the roots and leaves); as a mild laxative and febrifuge (infusion of whole plant); abortifacient and ecbolic (infusion of leaves)

Cathartic, hydrogogue, irritant, pectoral and purgative (root)

Cathartic, cytotoxic, diaphoretic, expectorant, hydrogogue, irritant, pectoral, purgative and vermifuge, as a rubefacient to muscular and joint pains and pleurisy (root)

Diaphoretic (wood); bitter, diaphoretic and purgative (leaves); febrifuge (bark)

Purgative (roots); astringent, anthelmintic, analgesic, antipyretic, and antimalarial (seeds); emmenagogue and laxative (leaves)

Used as a purgative and abortifacient (infusion of leaves); emmenagogue and abortifacient (roots); astringent (fruit)

Astringent, anti-inflammatory, purgative, antihaemorrhagic, hypothermic, alleviates spasms and stimulates the central nervous and cardiovascular systems (aerial part).

Antiarrhythmic and alleviates spasms (root); anticancer (root and leaf); hypotensive (latex); laxative (plant juice); digestive, stomachic and tonic(flower); emetic, diaphoretic, alternative and purgative (root- bark and juice).