The plant is anodyne, antihaemorrhagic, antiseptic, astringent, carminative, diaphoretic, diuretic, galactogogue, haemostatic, vulnerary, improves elasticity of and strengthens ligaments, antiiaging and promotes blood coagulation.

Abortifacient, astringent, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, diaphoretic, diuretic, expectorant, febrifuge, haemostatic, hypotensive and styptic (whole plant)

Astringent, antirheumatic, balsamic, emmenagogue, styptic, tonic, vermifuge stimulant, haemostatic and diuretic (plant)

Sedative (fruit); expectorant and insect repellent (flowers); astringent, antitussive and antidiarrheic (leaves)

Astringent, diuretic and tonic (seeds)

Used as a powerful antiseptic (leaf essential oil); aromatic, astringent and tonic (plant)

Analgesic, anticholesterolemic, aphrodisiac, depurative, diuretic, hepatic, hypotensive, sedative, tonic and vasodilator (stem bark); astringent (flowers, fruits).

Aromatic, astringent and diuretic (infusion of leaves or bark).

Stomachic, febrifuge and astringent (leaf infusion).

Astringent and narcotic (whole plant)

Stimulant, laxative, antidiarreal and astringent (seed and leaf); antispasmodic. dilates bronchial tubes and antifungal (plant).

Its stem-extract has antifungal properties and the aerial parts are antiprotozoal. Emetic, laxative, rubefacient, anticancer and astringent (plant); stimulates the central nervous system. hypothermic and antiprotozoal (aerial part).

Astringent, deobstruent and tonic (whole plant); analgesic and aphrodisiac (seed)

Antioxidant and astringent (fruit)

Alleviates spasms, antiviral, stimulates the cardiovascular system and antagonistic to the effect of amphetamine (aerial part); bitter astringent, tonic, antiseptic and febrifuge (plant)

Acrid, astringent and vasodilator (leaves and shoots)

Pulp of raw fruit is useful in arresting secretion or bleeding, ripe fruit is refreshing, aromatic, digestive and a tonic, leaves are aromatic, astringent, carminative, gum of the stem has a soothing effect on the skin and mucous membranes.

The seeds are used as cooling and tonic, antidiarrheal, astringent and hypoglycemic (bark); reduces fever (seed); stops bodily secretions and hemostatic (bark and leaf buds); emollient, demulcent and alleviates pain (fruit).

Astringent, stomachic, carminative, anti-cancerous, anti-inflammatory, anti protozoal, hypoglycaemic .

Tonic and diuretic (bark); vulnerary (bruised roots); astringent (young buds and the milky juice); diaphoretic (decoction of leaves); aphrodisiac (concentrated juice and fruit).