Astringent, anthelmintic, carminative, laxative.

Anodyne, antispasmodic, antitussive, demulcent, digestive, emollient, expectorant, laxative, ophthalmic, purgative and tonic (herb)

Anti-inflammatory, demulcent, diuretic, expectorant, febrifuge, tonic, aphrodisiac (fruit); anthelmintic (seed); antiviral (plant); highly nutritive, cooling, laxative and diuretic.

Anticancer, hypoglycemic, antiinflammatory and stimulates the cardiovascular system (root); antiamoebic, antibacterial, anticoagulant and hypotensive (root bark); diaphoretic, laxative, antipyretic, antiseptic, aids in opening the natural ducts and pores.

Diaphoretic and laxative (stem); tonic and antiperiodic (root bark); antiperiodic and anticancer, diaphoretic and antipyretic, stimulates the cardiovascular system and alleviates spasms (root).

Aperient, carminative, febrifuge, ophthalmic, antiprotozoal, antiviral, anticancer, stimulates the cardiovascular system, respiration and alleviates spasms (root).

Antiprotozoal (plant); hypothermic (fruit); laxative (fruit and root); promotes or stimulates the flow of bile and dilates blood vessels (root bark); antiseptic, astringent, cholagogue, hepatic, purgative, refrigerant, stomachic and tonic (bark and root bark)

Anticancer, antiscorbutic, laxative, cardiovascular system stimulant, alleviates spasms, antiprotozoal and astringent (rhizome).

Kills bacteria (essential oil); anti-inflammatory, cholagogue, diaphoretic (plant); diuretic and laxative (bark); anticholesterolemic and diuretic (leaves);

Anti-inflammatory, cholagogue, diaphoretic; diuretic and laxative (bark); bitter and astringent (inner bark); anticholesterolemic and diuretic (leaves); diuretic (vernal sap)

Antiseptic, aperient, astringent, diuretic, emmenagogue, febrifuge, narcotic, sedative, styptic and sudorific (whole plant)

Antidote, diuretic, emetic, expectorant, laxative, stomachic.

Aphrodisiac, diuretic, stomachic, cardiotonic, hepatoprotective, laxative, anthelmintic, febrifuge, expectorant and, in higher doses, as an emetic and purgative (root)

Diuretic, stomachic, cardiotonic, hepatoprotective, laxative, anthelmintic, febrifuge, expectorant and, in higher doses, as an emetic and purgative (root); aphrodisiac (root decoction); emetic, diuretic and laxative (decoctions of the roots and leaves); as a mild laxative and febrifuge (infusion of whole plant); abortifacient and ecbolic (infusion of leaves)

Antiseptic, antiinflammatory, diuretic, febrifugal, nervine, laxative, demulcent, emollient and diaphoretic (herb)

Cooling, diuretic, stimulant, antiphlegmatic, laxative (sap); cooling, restorative, diuretic and anthelmintic (root)

Cardiotonic, emetic, irritant, laxative, rodenticide

As an aperient and tonic, the volatile oil is used as a counterirritant and stimulant. Antirheumatic and stimulates pancreatic secretions and the gastric mucosa (seed); hypoglycaemic specifically through an increase in the concentration of hepatic glycogen and glycogenesis.

Antidiabetic, cardiotonic, stomachic, antifungal, antiulcerative, antiasthmatic and alleviates symptoms of rheumatism (leaf); increaseses secretion of gastric juices (leaf and seed); antihelmintic, diuretic, laxative and stomachic (seeds).

Abortifacient, alterative, anesthetic, antiinflammatory, antipyretic, aphrodisiac, diaphoretic, diuretic, emmenagogue, hypertensive, laxative, narcotic.