Laxative (bark decoction); anticancer and hypotensive (stem bark); anthelmintic (bark); hypothermic and aphrodisiac (prolongs erection in males); astringent and galactogogue, antibacterial activity (Khan et al., 2003).

Alleviates spasms and antiviral (plant); germicide and antiparasitical, it has been shown to be effective in lowering cholesterol and reducing blood pressure.

Antimalarial (plant and bark); antiarrhythmic and cardiotonic (plant); antipyretic, stringent and antiseptic (bark); antiparasitic, antiprotozoal, antispasmodic, bitter digestive aid, cardiotonic (tones, balances, strengthens the heart).

Anthelmintic; antiparasitic, diuretic (seeds)

Protects liver (of rats) against damage at cellular level (root extract); astringent, expectorant, stimulant, antiparasitic and poisonous (to children and livestock); stimulant, alterative and tonic (root)

Antiviral, cyanogenetic; antibacterial, antiviral, anticancer and antiparasitic (root)

Revulsive, depurative, anthelmintic, antiseptic, aphrodisiac, antiparasitic, and anticancerous (plant); antiseptic (root and leaf) and antiparasitic (root).

Astringent, menstrual stimulant and an antiparasitic (leaves or bark).

Antiinflammtory, antihistamine, bronchodilator, antacid, antiparasitic, stimulates the central nervous system, abortifacient and hypothermic (plant).