Anthelmintic, antiperiodic (bark); cerebrospinal stimulant and tonic

Laxative (bark decoction); anticancer and hypotensive (stem bark); anthelmintic (bark); hypothermic and aphrodisiac (prolongs erection in males); astringent and galactogogue, antibacterial activity (Khan et al., 2003).

As febrifuge and vermifuge (bark)

Anthelmintic (leaves)

Similar to that of vitamin B12 (plant); "juvenomimetic activity" (petroleum ether extract of plant); febrifuge, antihelminthic, diuretic and galactagogue.

Vermifuge (root decoction)

Allergenic, alterative, antispasmodic, irritant, taenifuge, vermifuge.

Narcotic, emetic, purgative, anthelmintic, laxative and vermifuge (bark)

Astringent and styptic (roots, leaves); anthelmintic (root)

Antihalitosis, aromatic, carminative, diuretic, galactogogue, stimulant, stomachic, aromatic carminative, reduces fever and anthelmintic (fruit); abortifacient (in rats) (seed extract); hypoglycemic, alleviates spasms (50% EtOH extract from fruit).

As vermifuge

Diuretic (ripe fruit juice); vermifuge (root); sedative, antispasmodic, hypotensive, and nervine (bark, leaves, root)

Vermifuge (leaf decoction); febrifuge (root decoction)

Antimicrobial and anthelmintic (bark, leaves and roots); bactericidal and fungicidal (seeds)

Anthelmintic and hypoglycemic (50% EtOH stem bark extract); nutritious, astringent and bitter (leaves); tonic, astringent, febrifuge, anti-diuretic (stem bark).

Acrid, astringent, digestive, depurative, urinary astringent, ophthalmic, anthelmintic (seed and bark); anticancer, immunosuppressive and stimulates the cardiovascular system (stem).

Laxative, aphrodisiac, digestive, astringent, diuretic, stimulant, cardiotonic, emmenagogue, antimicrobial and anthelmintic; freshens breath and strengthens gums (paste).

Anthelmintic, analgesic and antineoplastic.

Anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, antiperiodic, appetiser, cathartic, emmenagogue, sudorific, thermogenic, vulnerary, laxative, anthelmintic and oxytocic (plant); larvicidal and antigonorrheic (leaf)

Antitussive, diuretic, emmenagogue, pectoral, vermifuge and vulnerary (roots).