Alterative, antibacterial, antirheumatic, aphrodisiac, bitter stomachic, cholagogue, diuretic, expectorant, febrifuge, hypoglycaemic, ophthalmic, skin, vasodilator and tonic (bark)

Alterative, antibacterial, antirheumatic, aphrodisiac, bitter stomachic, cholagogue, diuretic, expectorant, febrifuge, hypoglycaemic, ophthalmic, skin, vasodilator and tonic (bark)

Narcotic, antispasmodic, diaphoretic, and tonic.

Emetic and purgative (latex); laxative and are taken as a liver tonic to enrich the blood (fruit).

Antiphlogistic, antipyretic, antitussive and expectorant (whole plant); febrifuge and slightly tonic (leaves and stems).

The fruit is appetizer, bitter, diuretic, laxative and tonic. Extracts from the plant have shown anticancer activity; diuretic (aerial part and fruit); abortifacient (aerial part)

Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiperiodic, cathartic (in large doses), cholagogue, laxative, stomachic and bitter tonic (rhizome)

Analgesic, anesthetic, anticonvulsant, antioxidant, antipyretic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, antiviral, candidicide, carminative, depurative, digestive, fungicide, hypotensive, irritant, larvicide, parasiticide, rubefacient, stimulant, stomachic and tonic.

The seed is antiseptic, antispasmodic, aromatic, carminative, digestive, expectorant, pectoral, stimulant, stomachic, tonic, slightly diuretic, stimulates the secretion of gastric juices, antimicrobial and kills certain insects.

Aromatic tonic, stimulant and internal styptic (leaves); antibacterial and insecticidal (essential oil).

Stimulant, carminative, tonic and for postpartum women (fruit); antihypertensive and relaxes muscles (plant); antifungal (stem); colic (root)

Sedative and tonic (seed)

Stomachic, refrigerant, anti-inflammatory, astringent, diuretic, tonic, antipyretic, emmenagogue, haemostatic and antitussive (leaves); tonic, sedative, tranquillizer, aphrodisiac, antitussive and haemostatic (seeds)

Anthelmintic, antiasthmatic, anticholesterolemic, antiphlogistic, antitussive, astringent, carminative, expectorant, haemolytic, hypoglycaemic, sedative, stomachic, tonic and vermifuge (roots).

Diaphoretic, antipyretic and astringent (leaf and root); stimulates the central nervous system (aerial part); antidysenteric and nervine tonic (leaf).

Cholinergic and relaxes smooth muscles, antipyretic, analgesic, laxative and nervine tonic (plant); antiinflammatory (stem); antiimplantation (aerial part); succulent, aperient (leaves); alexiteric, antipyretic, bitter, laxative and thermogenic (root)

Antiperiodic, stimulant, sudorific, stomachic, carminative, astringent, anthelmintic, laxative, expectorant, tonic, alterative, abortifacient, and alexipharmic.

Antidote, antiinflammatory, antispasmodic, cathartic, depurative, diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic, emmenagogue, expectorant, laxative, secretagogue, secretolytic, sialagogue, stimulant and tonic (root); abortifacient (bark infusion)

Acts as a kidney tonic (leaves); diuretic, expectorant, antiseptic, haemolytic and sedative (roots); analgesic, diuretic, expectorant and nervine (plant).

Expectorant and stimulant (plant); antibacterial, cardiotonic, cerebrotonic, expectorant, haemolytic, hypotensive, sedative and tonic (root); tonic for the kidneys (leaves).