Anodyne, antidote, demulcent, expectorant and refrigerant (leaves); antiphlogistic, depurative, febrifuge, pulmonary and stimulant (flowers).

Tonic and stimulant (plant)

Stimulant, carminative, sudorific, antiseptic, sudorific, galactagogue and lactagogue (plant); antispasmodic and used in antirheumatic and antisuporific baths (leaves and tops)

Expectorant and stomach tonic (herb); antiseptic, antitussive, astringent, carminative, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, expectorant, pectoral, sedative, stimulant, stomachic, tonic and vasodilator (leaves and flowering tops)

Antirheumatic and antiscorbutic (whole plant); antibacterial, cytotoxic, diuretic, emetic, gastrostimulant.

Oestrogenic agent, carminative, stimulant and stomachic (fruit); antidiarrhoeal (powder or decoction of the fruits); antibacterial (leaves and seeds); stimulant, antiseptic, stomachic, carminative, mildly expectorant and gastrointestinal spasmolytic (plant essential oil).

Oestrogenic agent, antibacterial, carminative, diuretic, odontalgic, stimulant, and stomachic (fruits); stimulant, antiseptic, stomachic, carminative, mildly expectorant and gastrointestinal spasmolytic (plant essential oil).

The leaves are alterative, anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, astringent and depurative. The seeds are antilithic, diuretic and stimulant; anthelmintic (leaf, unripe shell, green hull, bark and fruit oil); antisyphilis (unripe shell and green hull); cleansing (bark and leaf); restores health (bark, fruit and leaf); laxative (fruit oil)

Abortifacient, antibacterial, antiedemic, antiinflammatory, antimitotic, antimutagenic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, aphrodisiac, choleretic, diaphoretic, emetic, emmenagogue, estrogenic, expectorant, hallucinogen, hepatoprotective, hepatotoxic, immunostimulant, narcotic, sedative and vulnerary.

Laxative (leaf and bark);astringent, stimulant and febrifuge (root); stimulates the cardiovascular system (including the heart),spasmogenic and antiviral (aerial part); purgative, deobstruent and diuretic (leaves); stimulant and febrifuge (bark)

As a febrifuge, diaphoretic and stimulant (decoction of the leaves and flowers)

Astringent, balsamic, diuretic, expectorant, stimulant and vulnerary (bark); antiseptic, balsamic, diuretic, haemostatic, rubefacient and vermifuge (resin)

Antiseptic, aromatic, astringent, carminative, diaphoretic, digestive, diuretic, emetic in large doses, emmenagogue, narcotic, parasiticide, stimulant and stomachic (leaves); antiseptic, aromatic, digestive, narcotic and stimulant (fruit)

Lowers blood pressure, sedative and diuretic. Antihalitosis, powerfully antiseptic, antispasmodic, aromatic, carminative, cholagogue, diuretic, nervine, sedative, stimulant, stomachic and tonic (oil)

Mild diuretic, cardiotonic and sedative; tonic, antispasmodic, diuretic, analgesic and emmenagogue. Antispasmodic, astringent, cardiac, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, nervine, sedative, stomachic, tonic and uterine stimulant (leaves)

General stimulant, stimulates the secretion and/or flow of milk and antibacterial against gram-positive and gram-negative strains (plant).

Alleviates spasms, stimulant, diaphoretic, laxative, anthelmintic, antiseptic and insecticidal (plant).

Acts as an anthelminthic, stomachic, stimulant and diaphoretic (decoction of the leaves); febrifuge (roasted leaves).

Analeptic, analgesic, antiacetylcholinesterase, , antibutylcholinesterase, anticholinesterase, anticurare, antimyasthenic, antineurotic, bradycardic, cholinergic, CNS inhibitor, emetic, emollient, hypnotic, insecticide, memorigenic, myocontractant, myoneurostimulant, peristaltic, secretagogue, sedative and sialagogue (plant)

Analeptic, analgesic, antiacetylcholinesterase, antibutylcholinesterase, anticholinesterase, anticurare, antimyasthenic, antineurotic, bradycardic, cholinergic, CNS Inhibitor, emetic, emollient, hypnotic, insecticide, memorigenic, myocontractant, myoneurostimulant, peristaltic, secretagogue, sedative and sialagogue (plant)