Cardiotonic, diuretic, stimulant and tonic (leaf); promotes and stimulates the activity of all muscle tissues, improves blood flow to the kidneys and aids in removing any obstructions there thus improving urination, poisonous (can be fatal in high doses) and sedative.

Antilymphomic, antineoplastic, immunostimulant, spasmogenic

Antitumor, emmenagogue; antispasmodic, carminative, diaphoretic, mildly diuretic, expectorant, poultice, stimulant and vasodilator (resin)

Antiscorbutic, analgesic, antibacterial, aromatic, febrifuge, skin, stimulant and stomachic (bark)

Antiinflammatory, antiprostaglandin, antiseptic, antispasmodic, antitussive, bronchospasmolytic, cytostatic, immunostimulant and secretolytic (plant)

Hallucinogen, intoxicant, mydriatic, narcotic, sedative and stimulant.

Used as febrifuge (fruits); stimulant (flowers); diuretic (infusion of leaves and juice of fruit).

Increases bodily resistance to infection, immune system stimulant (specifically for low WBC count), blood and lymphatic purifier, stimulates interferon production, anti-bacterial and anti-viral.

Cardiostimulant, hypotensive, sedative, anticonvolusions, spasmolytic, choleretic and bronchodialatory (fruit); stimulates the central nervous system and hypoglycemic (stem bark).

Carminative, stimulant (aromatic); stimulates the apetite, antimicrobial, antiaflatoxic, invigorates the heart, analgesic, antiinflammatory, refreshes the breath and aphrodisiac.

Fights diarrhea (root), spermicidal, stimulates uterine contractions and diuretic (seed), contraceptive, astringent, stimulant, anthelmintic (kills Ascaris lumbricoides), antibacterial and carminative (fruit)alterative, stimulant.

Stimulant and cardiotonic (plant); antitussive, diuretic, diaphoretic, febrifuge, hypertensive, nervine, tonic and vasoconstrictor (stem)

Cardiotonic, contraceptive, diuretic, oxytocic and dilates the bronchial tubes (plant); cardiac and circulatory stimulant (tincture)

Astringent, antirheumatic, balsamic, emmenagogue, styptic, tonic, vermifuge stimulant, haemostatic and diuretic (plant)

Antiscorbutic, diuretic, stimulant and stomachic (leaves); rubefacient and stimulant (seed)

Antispasmodic, aromatic, diaphoretic, diuretic, expectorant, galactofuge and stimulant (root)

Antirheumatic, antispasmodic, cardiotonic, emmenagogue, nervine, purgative and resolvent (flowers and stems); aphrodisiac, diuretic, expectorant, stomachic and tonic (seeds); analgesic, antibacterial, antiseptic, antispasmodic, antitumor, cardiotonic, cardiotoxic, deobstruent, depurative, emmenagogue, expectorant, laxative, myotonic, peristaltic, stimulant, stomachic and tonic (tea made from flowers).

Local anaesthetic, general stimulant, aphrodisiac, emmenagogue, antiperiodic

Anesthetic, sympathomimetic and stimulant (leaves); also acts as a bactericide against Gram-negative bacteria and coccus bacteria.

The leaves, and the essential oil they contain, are antiseptic, antispasmodic, expectorant, febrifuge and stimulant. Its antiseptic properties confer some antimalarial action; carminative, alleviates spasms, antiperiodic, antiseptic, aromatic, deodorant, expectorant, febrifuge, hypoglycaemic, stimulant and fungitoxic (leaf); antibacterial and stimulates the cardiovascular system (aerial part); antiseptic (mainly in skin diseases and for upper respiratory infections), stimulant and expectorant (essential oil); antipyretic (bark and leaf).