Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiphlogistic, antispasmodic, antitussive, cholagogue, demulcent, emollient, expectorant and laxative (root);

Antiasthmatic, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, expectorant and sedative (dried leaves and flowering tops).

Alleviates spasms (50% EtOH aerial part extract); antidiabetic. stimulates insulin production and/or secretion and antiviral (leaf); inhibits high blood sugar levels (leaf extract); increases the secretion of gastric juices. laxative. diuretic, acrid, alexipharmic, anodyne, anthelmintic, antipyretic, astringent, bitter, cardiotonic, digestive, emetic,expectorant, laxative, stimulant, stomachic, uterine tonic.

Antirheumatic (seed oil); alleviates spasms, diuretic and depresses the central nervous system (50% EtOH aerial part extract); emetic (seed); as a febrifuge (bark)

The rootstock is carminative, emmenagogue, expectorant, stimulant, stomachic and tonic. Vasodilator, alleviates spasms, hypoglycemic, antiasthmatic, antiinflammatory and stimulant (rhizome); anthelmintic and antimicrobial (essential oil from rhizome).

Anticholinergic, antidote, antispasmodic, anxiolytic, astringent, depurative, diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic, hallucinogen, hemostatic, laxative, myorelaxant, narcotic, psychomimetic, sedative, tonic, tranquilizer, vasodilator and vulnerary (leaves)

Alleviates spasms (aerial part); cytotoxic, astringent, demulcent, diuretic and antigalactagogue (root); stimulates the uterus, demulcent and astringent(fruit); astringent (root and bark).

Diuretic, febrifuge, laxative; anodyne, antiemetic, antispasmodic, depurative, febrifuge and sedative (flowers); tuberculostatic (rhizome); antidote (root juice); diuretic (a tea from root).

Alleviates spasms (plant); aphrodisiac (fruit) and increases nerve strength (root powder and fruit); lowers prothrombin levels in the blood.

Antispasmodic, diuretic and antiseptic.

Anodyne, antispasmodic, aperient, aphrodisiac, astringent, demulcent, emmenagogue, emollient, poultice, refrigerant.

Diuretic, laxative, and emetic (root) and alleviates spasms (aerial part).

Lowers blood pressure and alleviates spasms (50% EtOH plant extract); aphrodisiac (seed), hypnotic.

Anticholinesterase activity (leaf); anticholinergic and alleviates spasms (plant).

Analgesic and alleviates spasms (leaf); dilates the eye pupil (plant juice); stimulates heart, followed by a sedative effect (in moderate doses); small doses act as a heart sedative and a tonic; induces sleep; induces delirium (in large enough doses).

Stimulant, carminative, sudorific, antiseptic, sudorific, galactagogue and lactagogue (plant); antispasmodic and used in antirheumatic and antisuporific baths (leaves and tops)

Oestrogenic agent, carminative, stimulant and stomachic (fruit); antidiarrhoeal (powder or decoction of the fruits); antibacterial (leaves and seeds); stimulant, antiseptic, stomachic, carminative, mildly expectorant and gastrointestinal spasmolytic (plant essential oil).

Oestrogenic agent, antibacterial, carminative, diuretic, odontalgic, stimulant, and stomachic (fruits); stimulant, antiseptic, stomachic, carminative, mildly expectorant and gastrointestinal spasmolytic (plant essential oil).

Stimulates the flow of bile, aids in digestion, antispasmodic and inhibits expression of HIV p24 antigen.

Alleviates spasms (50% EtOH plant extract); purgative (dried juice); Hypoglycaemic (plant)