Narcotic, cathartic and strongly diuretic (plant); cardiotonic, cathartic, diuretic, emetic and vasoconstrictor (seeds or young herbaceous tips of flowering shoots)

Antispasmodic, cathartic, emetic, narcotic, nervine, pediculicide, toxic and vermifuge (seeds)

Hydrogogue, cathartic.

Alterative, cardiac, cathartic, cholagogue, diuretic, expectorant, hepatic, laxative, stimulant and tonic (stem and root bark); emetic and strongly laxative (seed)

Acts as emetic and cathartic (roots)

Antiperiodic, cathartic and anticancerous (whole plant); febrifuge and vermifuge (leaves and stems); anthelmintic (root); purgative (oil from the seeds)

Anticancer, antiseptic, cathartic, emetic and purgative (plant); violent purgative and rubefacient (leaves); depilatory (latex in the stems); diuretic, parasiticide, antitumor and purgative (seed)

Anthelmintic,cathartic, laxative, kills mollusks and aids in inducing inflammation (latex); alleviates spasms and antiviral (stem).

Bitter tonic, astringent, antiperiodic (bark); astringent, cathartic, diaphoretic, mildly diuretic, laxative and purgative (leaves); carminative (seed)

Cathartic, diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic, stimulant and vasoconstrictor (twigs, leaves and flowering stems)

Cathartic, slightly diaphoretic, a mild and efficient emetic, expectorant and tonic (dried powdered root bark); strongly laxative and emetic (tea from whole plant); tonic, emetic, a cathartic, expectorant, purgative, tonic emetic, and expectorant (root).

Anthelmintic, cardiac, cathartic, diuretic, emetic, emmenagogue, irritant, violently narcotic and a drastic purgative (root)

Emetic, diuretic and cathartic (dried root); alterative, anti-inflammatory, cathartic, cholagogue, diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic and sialagogue (root)

Powerful and dangerous cathartic (seed oil)

Antiphlogistic, astringent, strongly laxative, cathartic, detergent, depurative, diuretic, hepatic, ophthalmic and purgative (whole plant)

Emetic and cathartic (plant)

Acts as diuretic (aerial parts); depurative, antirheumatic and antisyphilitic (roots); diuretic and cathartic (decoction of whole plant).

Cathartic, diaphoretic and emetic (root); analgesic and febrifuge (leaves)

Fungitoxic, bitter, emetic, cathartic and anticancer (seed); diuretic and lactagogue (fruit).

Its various parts have antihelmintic, antimalarial, cathartic, emetic and emmenagogic properties. Bark is anthelmintic, and in large doses narcotic and emetic.