Cathartic, diaphoretic and emetic (plant)

Expectorant and induces nausea (root); antibacterial (plant); diuretic and laxative; Cathartic, anthelmintic, emetic, anodyne and hypnotic, antimicrobial activity (extract of dried leaves).

Anti-rheumatic (twig); cathartic (bark)

Alterative, astringent, cathartic, febrifuge and tonic (bark); astringent, galactogogue and vermifuge (leaves)

Appetizer, astringent, cathartic, cytostatic, emetic, stomachic and tonic (bark)

Laxative (bark decoction); anticancer and hypotensive (stem bark); anthelmintic (bark); hypothermic and aphrodisiac (prolongs erection in males); astringent and galactogogue, antibacterial activity (Khan et al., 2003).

Analgesic, anticonvulsant, antidote, aphrodisiac, cardiotonic, contraceptive, diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic, expectorant, hydragogue, lactagogue, laxative, narcotic, tonic (plant); cardiotonic, cathartic, diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic and expectorant (roots)

Anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, antiperiodic, appetiser, cathartic, emmenagogue, sudorific, thermogenic, vulnerary, laxative, anthelmintic and oxytocic (plant); larvicidal and antigonorrheic (leaf)

Cathartic, diaphoretic, emetic, errhine, sternutatory, stimulant and tonic (root, leaves, stem)

Emetic, cathartic and astringent (root); antidysenteric, anthelmintic, sudorific (leaf juice) ; anti-ovulatory, anti-implantation and cardiotonic (plant)

Antirheumatic, diuretic, cathartic, diaphoretic, febrifuge and vulnerary (root)

Cathartic, hydrogogue, irritant, pectoral and purgative (root)

Cathartic, cytotoxic, diaphoretic, expectorant, hydrogogue, irritant, pectoral, purgative and vermifuge, as a rubefacient to muscular and joint pains and pleurisy (root)

Alterative, antirheumatic, cathartic, cholagogue, diaphoretic, febrifuge, oxytocic and vermifuge (leaves, bark); diaphoretic (wood)

Increases the peristaltic movements of the colon by its local action upon the intestinal wall-cathartic.

Anti-depressant, laxative, antibilious, aperient, appetizer, cathartic, cholagogue, detergent, tonic, vermifuge (herb).

Stops cell division. Analgesic, antirheumatic, cathartic and emetic (seed)

A drastic cathartic and hydrogogue (resin)

Analgesic, cathartic and febrifuge (leaves, stems); capillary tonic, antioedemic, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic and hypotensive (fruits).

Drastic cathartic (root or tuber)