Hypotensive (50% EtOH aerial part extract); cardiacstimulant (aerial part); analgesic and anti-inflammatory; as an antidote for snake poison.

Hypotensive, hypertensive (aqueous root extract), anthelmintic, antipyretic, aphordisiac, astringent, carminative, antiinflammatory, antiperiodic, cholagogue, febrifuge, tonic.

Antidote, antibacterial, anticholesterolemic, diuretic and hypotensive (root); antibacterial, anticholesterolemic, diaphoretic, diuretic, hypoglycaemic and hypotensive (leaves); astringent (powdered seed).

Anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative, diuretic, expectorant, febrifuge, homeopathic, hypoglycaemic, hypotensive, lithontripic, stomachic, tonic, aphrodisiac, antidysenteric, reduces fever, helps prevent snakebite, sedative, stimulant, increases the secretion of gastric juices. mild counter-irritant, lowers blood cholesterol and blood sugar, antifungal.

Digestive, hypotensive and tonic (whole plant)

As a stomachic, carminative, astringent, tonic and sedative (rhizome); diuretic, antihypertensive, and antiulcerogenic (decoction or infusion of leaves).

Laxative (bark decoction); anticancer and hypotensive (stem bark); anthelmintic (bark); hypothermic and aphrodisiac (prolongs erection in males); astringent and galactogogue, antibacterial activity (Khan et al., 2003).

Hypotensive, anticancer and diuretic (aerial part); toxic to birds (berry).

Diuretic (ripe fruit juice); vermifuge (root); sedative, antispasmodic, hypotensive, and nervine (bark, leaves, root)

Anticancer (root and its bark, stem and leaf); antihypertensive and alleviates spasms (root); cardiotonic (leaf).

Cardiotonic, diuretic and hypotensive (leaves or the whole herb)

Sudorific, diuretic and anti-lactant (rhizome); antigalactagogue, depurative, diaphoretic, diuretic, emollient, hypertensive, hypotensive, and sudorific (root infusion).

Anaesthetic, analgesic, antibacterial, antipyretic, antitussive, diaphoretic, diuretic, hypotensive, odontalgic and sternutatory (whole plant); analgesic, expectorant, sedative, diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic and purgative (roots)

Antispasmodic, aperient, cardiac, demulcent, diaphoretic, diuretic, sedative and tonic (plant); diaphoretic, hypotensive, strongly diuretic and laxative (roots); cardiac sedative, palliative, diuretic and laxative (rhizome); antibiotic (seed).

Adaptogen, antipyretic, diuretic, tonic, uterine stimulant and vasodilator (root); antipyretic, diuretic, pectoral and tonic (plant); bactericidal, hypoglycaemic and hypotensive (plant extract)

Anticancer, hypoglycemic, antiinflammatory and stimulates the cardiovascular system (root); antiamoebic, antibacterial, anticoagulant and hypotensive (root bark); diaphoretic, laxative, antipyretic, antiseptic, aids in opening the natural ducts and pores.

Hypotensive, anticancer, antiviral and on respiration (50% EtOH stem bark extract).

Antiarrhythmic and alleviates spasms (root); anticancer (root and leaf); hypotensive (latex); laxative (plant juice); digestive, stomachic and tonic(flower); emetic, diaphoretic, alternative and purgative (root- bark and juice).

Amyolytic, antiaggregant, antiallergic, antiherpetic, antihistaminic, antiinflammatory, antimetabolic, antioxidant, antiviral, fungicide, hemolytic, hypocholesterolemic, mitogenic, hypotensive

Analgesic, amebicide, antibiotic, antibacterial, cardiotonic, cholagogue, digestive, emmenagogue, febrifuge, hypotensive, laxative, pectoral, stomachic, vermifuge