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Home » Plant infomation

Panax ginseng  C. A. Mey.

   

Botanical Name

:

Panax ginseng C. A. Mey.

English Name

:

Ginseng, Asian ginseng, Asiatic ginseng, Chinese ginseng, Ginseng, Korean ginseng, Manchurian ginseng, Oriental ginseng, Red ginseng, White ginseng,

Synonym(s)

:

Panax schinseng T. Nees, Panax schinseng T. Nees var. coraiensis T. Nees

Family

:

Araliaceae

 

General Info

Description

A perennial herb growing 30-60 cm tall. Rootstock usually with 1- or 2-fascicled roots, fusiform or cylindric. Leaves 3-6, verticillate at apex of stem, palmately compound; petiole base without stipule or stipulelike appendages; leaflets 3-5, membranous, abaxially glabrous, adaxially sparsely setose (trichomes ca. 1 mm), base broadly cuneate, margin densely serrulate, apex long acuminate; central leaflet elliptic to oblong-elliptic, 8-12 × 3-5 cm; lateral leaflets ovate to rhombic-ovate, 2-4 × 1.5-3 cm. Inflorescence a solitary, terminal umbel 30-50-flowered; peduncle 15-30 cm, usually longer than petiole; pedicels 0.8-1.5 cm. Ovary 2-carpellate; styles 2, distinct. Fruit red, compressed-globose, 4-5 × 6-7 mm; seeds nephroid, white.

Herb Effects

Adaptogen, alterative, carminative, demulcent, emetic, expectorant, stimulant and tonic (root); emetic and expectorant (leaves)

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Chemistry

Active Ingredients

Ascorbic acid, beta-carotene, beta-elemene, beta-sitosterol, choline, citric acid, fumaric acid, Ginsenoside Ro, ginsenoside Rb3, Ginsenoside Re, ginsenoside Rg2, ginsenoside Rh1, malic acid, oleanolic acid, panaxin, panaxydol, panaxynol, pantothenic acid, tartaric acid (root); Ginsenoside-Rb-1 (bud); ginsenoside Rb2, ginsenoside Rc, ginsenoside Rd, ginsenoside Re, ginsenoside Rg1 (flower); kaempferol, luteolin-7-glucoside (leaves)

Chemistry of Active Ingredients
Product Categories

Name

CAS#

IUPAC Name

Formula

Structure

Product Categories
Ascorbic acid Not Available 2-(1,2-dihydroxyethy
l)-4,5-dihydroxy-fur
an-3-one
C6H8O6 Click Here To Enlarge
Beta carotene 7235-40-7 3,7,12,16-tetramethy
l-1,18-bis(2,6,6-tri
methyl-1-cyclohexeny
l)-octadec a-1,3,5,
7,9,11,13,15,17-nona
ene
C40H56 Click Here To Enlarge
Beta-elemene 33880-83-0 1-ethenyl-1-methyl-2
,4-diprop-1-en-2-yl-
cyclohexane
C15H24 Click Here To Enlarge
Choline 67-48-1 2-hydroxyethyl-trime
thyl-ammonium
C5H14NO+ Click Here To Enlarge
Citric acid Not Available 2-hydroxypropane-1,2
,3-tricarboxylic
acid
C6H8O7 Click Here To Enlarge
Fumaric acid 110-17-8 but-2-enedioic acid C4H4O4 Click Here To Enlarge
Ginsenoside Ro 34367-04-9 (2S,3S,4S,5R,6R)-6-[
[(6aR,6bS,8aS,12aS,1
4bS)-4,4,6a,6b,11,11
,14b-hepta methyl-8
a-[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-
3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(
hydroxymethyl)oxan-2
-y l]oxycarbonyl-1,
2,3,4a,5,6,7,8,9,10,
12,12a,14,14a-tetrad
ecahydropicen- 3-yl
]oxy]-3,4-dihydroxy-
5-[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-
3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(
hydrox ymethyl)oxan
-2-yl]oxy-oxane-2-ca
rboxylic acid
C48H76O19
Ginsenoside Rb3 Not Available (2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-[
2-[3-[(2R,3R,4S,5R,6
R)-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(
hydroxymet hyl)-3-[
(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4
,5-trihydroxy-6-(hyd
roxymethyl)oxan-2-yl
]o xy-oxan-2-yl]oxy
-12-hydroxy-4,4,8,10
,14-pentamethyl-2,3,
5,6,7,9,11,12, 13,1
5,16,17-dodecahydro-
1H-cyclopenta[a]phen
anthren-17-yl]-6-met
hyl-he pt-5-en-2-yl
]oxy-6-[[(2R,3R,4S,5
S)-3,4,5-trihydroxyo
xan-2-yl]oxymethyl
]oxane-3,4,5-triol
C53H90O22
Ginsenoside Re Not Available (2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-[
(2S)-2-[(3S,5S,6S,8R
,9R,10R,12R,13R,14R,
17S)-6-[(2 R,3R,4S,
5R,6R)-4,5-dihydroxy
-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3
-[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6S)-3
,4 ,5-trihydroxy-6-
methyl-oxan-2-yl]oxy
-oxan-2-yl]oxy-3,12-
dihydroxy-4,4, 8,10
,14-pentamethyl-2,3,
5,6,7,9,11,12,13,15,
16,17-dodecahydro-1H
-cyclo penta[a]phen
anthren-17-yl]-6-met
hyl-hept-5-en-2-yl]o
xy-6-(hydroxymethy
l)oxane-3,4,5-triol
C48H82O18
Ginsenoside RG2 52286-74-5 (2S,3R,4R,5S,6S)-2-[
(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-[
[(6R,10R,12S,14R)-3,
12-dihydro xy-17-[(
E,2S)-2-hydroxy-6-me
thyl-oct-5-en-2-yl]-
4,4,10,14-tetramethy
l- 1,2,3,5,6,7,8,9,
11,12,13,15,16,17-te
tradecahydrocyclopen
ta[a]phenanthr en-6
-yl]oxy]-4,5-dihydro
xy-6-(hydroxymethyl)
oxan-3-yl]oxy-6-meth
yl-oxa ne-3,4,5-tri
ol
C42H72O13
Ginsenoside Rh1 63223-86-9 (2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-[
[(3S,5S,6S,8R,10R,12
R,14R,17S)-3,12-dihy
droxy-17-[ (2S)-2-h
ydroxy-6-methyl-hept
-5-en-2-yl]-4,4,8,10
,14-pentamethyl-2,3,
5, 6,7,9,11,12,13,1
5,16,17-dodecahydro-
1H-cyclopenta[a]phen
anthren-6-yl]o xy]-
6-(hydroxymethyl)oxa
ne-3,4,5-triol
C36H62O9
Malic acid Not Available 2-hydroxybutanedioic
acid
C4H6O5 Click Here To Enlarge
Oleanolic acid 508-02-1 10-hydroxy-2,2,6a,6b
,9,9,12a-heptamethyl
-1,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a
,10,11,12, 13,14b-t
etradecahydropicene-
4a-carboxylic acid
C30H48O3 Click Here To Enlarge
Panaxin 11113-79-4 Not Available Not Available
Panaxydol 72800-72-7 (3R)-8-[(2R,3S)-3-he
ptyloxiran-2-yl]oct-
1-en-4,6-diyn-3-ol
C17H24O2
Panaxynol 21852-80-2 (3R,9Z)-heptadeca-1,
9-dien-4,6-diyn-3-ol
C17H24O
Pantothenic acid 599-54-2 3-[(2,4-dihydroxy-3,
3-dimethyl-butanoyl)
amino]propanoic acid
C9H17NO5 Click Here To Enlarge
Tartaric acid 526-83-0 2,3-dihydroxybutaned
ioic acid
C4H6O6 Click Here To Enlarge
Ginsenoside Rb1 Not Available (2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-[
2-[(3S,8R,10S,13R)-3
-[(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-4
,5-dihydro xy-6-(hy
droxymethyl)-3-[(2R,
3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5-t
rihydroxy-6-(hydroxy
me thyl)oxan-2-yl]o
xy-oxan-2-yl]oxy-12-
hydroxy-4,4,8,10,14-
pentamethyl-2, 3,5,
6,7,9,11,12,13,15,16
,17-dodecahydro-1H-c
yclopenta[a]phenanth
ren-17 -yl]-6-methy
l-hept-5-en-2-yl]oxy
-6-[[(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R
)-3,4,5-trihydroxy
-6-(hydroxymethyl)ox
an-2-yl]oxymethyl]ox
ane-3,4,5-triol
C54H92O23
Ginsenoside Rb2 75139-47-8 (2S,3R,5R,6R)-2-[(2S
)-2-[(3S,5S,8R,9S,10
S,12R,13R,14R,17S)-3
-[(2R,3R,4 S,5R,6R)
-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hy
droxymethyl)-3-[(2S,
3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5-t
ri hydroxy-6-(hydro
xymethyl)oxan-2-yl]o
xy-oxan-2-yl]oxy-12-
hydroxy-4,4,8, 10,1
4-pentamethyl-2,3,5,
6,7,9,11,12,13,15,16
,17-dodecahydro-1H-c
yclope nta[a]phenan
thren-17-yl]-6-methy
l-hept-5-en-2-yl]oxy
-6-[[(2R,3R,4S,5S)
-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxa
n-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxa
ne-3,4,5-triol
C53H90O22
Ginsenoside Rc Not Available (2R,3R,4S,5R,6S)-2-[
[(2R,3R,4S,5S)-3,4-d
ihydroxy-5-(hydroxym
ethyl)oxol an-2-yl]
oxymethyl]-6-[2-[(3S
,8R,10S,13R)-3-[(2R,
3R,4S,5R,6R)-4,5-dih
yd roxy-6-(hydroxym
ethyl)-3-[(2S,3R,4S,
5R,6R)-3,4,5-trihydr
oxy-6-(hydroxy meth
yl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-oxa
n-2-yl]oxy-12-hydrox
y-4,4,8,10,14-pentam
ethyl- 2,3,5,6,7,9,
11,12,13,15,16,17-do
decahydro-1H-cyclope
nta[a]phenanthren-
17-yl]-6-methyl-hept
-5-en-2-yl]oxy-oxane
-3,4,5-triol
C53H90O22
Ginsenoside Rd 52705-93-8 (2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-[
(2S)-2-[(10S,12S,13S
,14R,17S)-3-[(2R,3R,
4S,5R,6R)- 4,5-dihy
droxy-6-(hydroxymeth
yl)-3-[(2S,3R,4S,5R,
6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy
-6 -(hydroxymethyl)
oxan-2-yl]oxy-oxan-2
-yl]oxy-12-hydroxy-4
,4,10,14-tetra meth
yl-1,2,3,5,6,7,8,9,1
1,12,13,15,16,17-tet
radecahydrocyclopent
a[a]ph enanthren-17
-yl]-4,6-dimethyl-he
pt-5-en-2-yl]oxy-6-(
hydroxymethyl)oxan
e-3,4,5-triol
C48H82O18
Ginsenoside RG1 75139-45-6 2-[2-[3,12-dihydroxy
-4,4,7,10,14-pentame
thyl-6-[3,4,5-trihyd
roxy-6-(hy droxymet
hyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-1,
2,3,5,6,7,8,9,11,12,
13,15,16,17-tetradec
ah ydrocyclopenta[a
]phenanthren-17-yl]-
6-methyl-hept-5-en-2
-yl]oxy-6-(hyd roxy
methyl)oxane-3,4,5-t
riol
C42H72O14
Kaempferol 80714-53-0 3-[3-[4,5-dihydroxy-
6-(hydroxymethyl)-3-
[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-
(hydroxyme thyl)oxa
n-2-yl]oxy-oxan-2-yl
]oxy-4,5-dihydroxy-6
-(hydroxymethyl)oxan
-2 -yl]oxy-4,5-dihy
droxy-2-(4-hydroxyph
enyl)-chromen-7-one
C33H40O21 Click Here To Enlarge
Luteolin-7-glucoside 5373-11-5 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphen
yl)-5-hydroxy-7-[(2S
,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5-
trihydroxy -6-(hydr
oxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]
oxy-chromen-4-one
C21H20O11

Pharmacology

Medicinal Use

The root both stimulates and relaxes the nervous system, encourages the secretion of hormones, improves stamina, lowers blood sugar and cholesterol levels and increases resistance to disease. It is used internally in the treatment of debility associated with old age or illness, lack of appetite, insomnia, stress, shock and chronic illness. The strong decoction of roots is given in large dosage orally for treating shortness of breath, listlessness, extremely weak pulse, extreme deficiency after a severe or prolonged illness, massive hemorrhage, excessive vomiting or diarrhea. The root decoction is also used alone or in combination with other drugs, in treating profuse sweating and cold limbs, lassitude, anorexia, feeling of fullness and stiffness in the upper abdomen, diarrhea, cough, asthenia, spontaneous sweating, thirst, diabetes, irritablility, insomnia, dreaminess, palpitation induced by fright, forgetfulness, listlessness, and lassitude and blood deficiency. This herb given with Yang tonics is used to treat impotence due to kidney deficiency and to enhance general immunity.

Contraindication

1. Should not be prescribed for pregnant women, or for patients under the age of 40, or those with depression, acute anxiety or acute inflammatory disease.
2. Not to be prescribed in cases of Excess and Heat syndromes without Vital Qi Deficiency.
3. Not to be used with black hellebore, trogopterus dung, or honey locust.
4. Radish and tea should be avoided because they reduce ginseng’s efficiency.

Reference

Jing-Nuan Wu. An Illustrated Chinese Materia Medica. P: 460-461, Oxford University Press, Inc.2005.

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