Alterative, tonic and stimulant (root)

Antiperiodic, aromatic, mildly diaphoretic, laxative, stimulant, tonic (tea made from the bark)

Analgesic, anodyne, carminative, febrifuge, sedative and tonic (flowers and unopened flower buds)

Emmenagogue (flowers); antiseptic, antispasmodic, aphrodisiac, appetizer, diuretic, expectorant, hypotensive, stomachic and tonic (stem bark); bactericidal, digestive and stomachic (plant)

Expectorant, stomachic and tonic (bark)

Antiperiodic, aromatic, diaphoretic, laxative, stimulant and tonic (bark); hallucinogen (leaves or bark)

Stimulant, expectorant, tonic, increases the flow and/or secretion of milk, antiasthmatic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative, cholagogue, diaphoretic, diuretic, stomachic and mildly tonic (plant); antimicrobial (essential oil); astringent (leaves and seeds); stimulant, sudorific, emmenagogue and galactagogue (plant infusion)

Tonic or digestive (liqueur from flowers); antipyretic (infusion of leaves); anthelminthic in adults (infusion of seeds).

Astringent (bark and flower); restores and invigorates mucous membranes (bark); Diuretic, antiinflammatory, cardiotonic, promotes the formation and/or secretion of bile and antibacterial (against gram-positive strains).

Antiseptic, antispasmodic, cholagogue, diaphoretic, digestive, diuretic, emmenagogue, strongly expectorant, hepatic, stimulant and tonic (leaves and young flowering stems)

Stimulant, bitter, tonic, aromatic, emmenagogue, anodyne, antispasmodic, stomachic (plant); anodyne, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative, cholagogue, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, febrifuge, sedative, stomachic, tonic and vasodilator (flower).

Tonic, Antifungal, Laxative, Diuretic, Detoxifier, Anti-inflammatory, Febrifuge, Hepatoprotective, Digestive, Nutritive, Anodyne, Anti-Arthritic

Sedative, reduces flatulence, aids in digestion, diaphoretic and tonic (to the brain).

Anodyne, antiseptic, antispasmodic, astringent, antitussive, carminative, cholagogue, diaphoretic, emetic, emmenagogue, refrigerant, stimulant, stomachic, tonic and vasodilator (leaves)

Stimulant and astringent (leaf); antifungal and antibacterial (essential oil); anodyne, antiseptic, antipyretic, antispasmodic, carminative, cholagogue, diaphoretic, refrigerant, stomachic, tonic, vasodilator (leaves and flowering plants)

Anti-inflammatory, astringent, carminative, cathartic, deobstruent, digestive, diuretic, emetic, emmenagogue, febrifuge, hypnotic, stomachic, tonic (plant)

Acts as purgative, astringent and tonic (whole plant); anthelminthic, diuretic and antibilious (roasted seeds).

Febrifuge, stimulant, astringent, expectorant (bark); purgative and emmenagogue (root and root bark); stimulant, antispasmodic, tonic, stomachic, carminative, bitter and cooling (flowers and fruits).

Used as a general tonic (leaves); febrifuge (leaves and roots); carminative (root).

Aphrodisiac (decoction of the root and stem bark); galactagogue, aphrodisiac, tonic and purgative (bark); galactogogue (latex and leaves maceration)