Cardiotonic, diuretic, expectorant, stimulant and astringent (leaves).

Demulcent, expectorant, immunostimulant, irritant, rubefacient, stimulant and vulnerary.

Astringent (root bark); laxative and stimulant (plant); antibacterial (seed).

Laxative (root); enhances strength of heart muscle (plant); cardiac and stimulant (fruits and leaves).

Antiseptic, antispasmodic, aromatic, carminative, digestive, emmenagogue, galactogogue, stimulant, expectorant, antiemetic and relieves bad breath (seed); aids in digestion and carminative (seed and fruit); alleviates spasms (essential plant oil and alcohol fruit extract).

Reduces blood pressure and induces muscles to relax slightly (seed); diuretic and stimulant (seed receptacle).

Restorative (tea made from flowers); stimulant and aphrodisiac (leaves)

The seeds are acrid, bitter, thermogenic, emollient, stimulant, intellect promoting, digestive, laxative, emetic, expectorant, appetizer, aphrodisiac, cardiotonic, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, emmenagogue, diaphoretic, febrifuge and tonic, improves learning and memory and shows cognitive enhancing abilities through an anti-cholinesterase-like mechanism.

Analgesic, antibacterial, astringent, diaphoretic, diuretic, febrifuge, rubefacient, stimulant and tonic (plant)

Alterative, antibacterial, astringent, diaphoretic, diuretic, rubefacient, stimulant and tonic (whole plant); rubefacient (fresh leaves)

Diaphoretic and stimulant (bruised root).

Taken as a pectoral (decoction of rind or leaves); astringent, tonic and stimulant (bark); tonic, diuretic and febrifuge (seed); diuretic, febrifuge and vermifuge (dried latex)

Lowers blood lipids and cholesterol, reduces stress, builds endurance and vigor, estrogenic, aphrodisiac, anthelmintic, stimulant and tonic. An acid exudation from the seedpods is astringent.

Allergenic, antibilious, antidiabetic, antidiarrheal, antipyretic, antiradicular, antiviral, bitter, carminative, chemopreventive, choleretic, demulcent, diuretic, expectorant, gastrostimulant, hypocholesterolemic, hypoglycemic, immunostimulant, laxative, lipolytic, phagocytotic, probiotigenic, stimulant, tonic.

Alterative, analgesic, antirheumatic, antispasmodic, astringent, blood cleanser, cardiac, diuretic, emetic, emmenagogue, expectorant, laxative, sedative, stimulant, sudorific and tonic.

Abortifacient, analgesic, anesthetic, anthelminthic, antibacterial, antiinflammatory, antiperiodic, antipyretic, antiseptic, cardiodepressant, cardiotonic, gastrostimulant, hypotensive, oxytocic, stimulant, teratogenic, tonic, uterotonic.

Astringent, aromatic, stimulant, carminative, expectorant, antiemetic, reduces nausea and lipolytic.

Antibacterial, antifungal, aphrodisiac, carminative, digestive tonic, diuretic, and stimulant.

Laxative (fruit); antifungal (essential oil); stimulant (flower); aromatic stimulant (peel); stomachic and antiscorbutic (leaves, peel and flowers); emmenagogue (peel decoction).

Reduces fever and expectorant (fruit); stimulant (rind).