Antiasthmatic, antitussive, diuretic and purgative. The seed is also cardiotonic (seed); expectorant (root); antibacterial (plant)

Antiphlogistic, astringent, strongly laxative, cathartic, detergent, depurative, diuretic, hepatic, ophthalmic and purgative (whole plant)

Anthelmintic, diuretic, emetic and purgative (whole herb)

Emetic and purgative (seeds); demulcent, diuretic, bitter-tonic and nutritive (fruit); abortifacient, antipyretic, expectorant, hypoglycemic, laxative, tonic and vermifuge.

Hypoglycemic (aerial part), emetic and anthelmintic (plant); purgative (fruit)

Antibacterial, diuretic and purgative (root bark); anticancer (plant)

Diuretic and purgative (decoction of bark)

Antilactagogue, diuretic, emetic, emmenagogue, emollient,laxative, purgative, vermifuge (whole plant).

Purgative (sap of the fresh tubers).

Purgative (sap from the stem and tuber)

Acts as purgative, astringent and tonic (whole plant); anthelminthic, diuretic and antibilious (roasted seeds).

Aperient and alterative in cutaneous diseases (seeds); purgative (latex of root); deobstruent, a diuretic, and alterative (decoction of plant)

Febrifuge, stimulant, astringent, expectorant (bark); purgative and emmenagogue (root and root bark); stimulant, antispasmodic, tonic, stomachic, carminative, bitter and cooling (flowers and fruits).

Aphrodisiac (decoction of the root and stem bark); galactagogue, aphrodisiac, tonic and purgative (bark); galactogogue (latex and leaves maceration)

Aphrodisiac (decoction of the root and stem bark); galactagogue, aphrodisiac, tonic and purgative (bark); galactogogue and antiseptic (latex)

The root is aphrodisiac, diuretic and purgative; abortive, antibacterial, anticandidal, antifungal, antiviral, antispasmodic, uterine stimulant.

Abortifacient, anthelmintic, contraceptive, emmenagogue, galactagogue, laxative, purgative, tonic, laxative and emetic (leaf), cytotoxic and lowers blood sugar (fruit and seed), lipogenic and antilipolytic (fruit), kills insects (seed oil).

Anthelmintic and purgative (bark); anthelmintic and astringent (roots); aromatic, cooling and laxative (fruits).

Antibacterial, astringent, diaphoretic, hypoglycaemic, odontalgic and ophthalmic (leaves); antirheumatic, diuretic, hypotensive and pectoral (stems); antitussive, diuretic, expectorant and hypotensive (root bark); anthelmintic and purgative (bark)

Antiscorbutic and stimulant (plant); blood purifier, vermifuge and diuretic (plant decoction); antiscorbutic, depurative, diuretic, expectorant, purgative, hypoglycaemic, odontalgic, stimulant and stomachic (leaves)