Relieves pain, diaphoretic, germicide, reduces fever, laxative, astringent, carminative, diuretic and stimulates the heart and liver.

Hypoglycemic (plant) and laxative (fruit).

Laxative (plant); diuretic, cooling, demulcent, diuretic, purgative and aphrodisiac (seed); febrifuge (leaves)

Laxative (fruit); antifungal (essential oil); stimulant (flower); aromatic stimulant (peel); stomachic and antiscorbutic (leaves, peel and flowers); emmenagogue (peel decoction).

Laxative and anthelmintic (root); stimulant (fruit); anticancer (aerial part).

Body deodorant, coolant, antiphlogistic, laxative (fruit juice)

Antiemetic, aphrodisiac, astringent, laxative and tonic (fruit); analgesic, antiasthmatic, anticholesterolemic, anti-inflammatory, antiscorbutic, antiseptic, antitussive, carminative, expectorant, stomachic (pericarp); carminative and expectorant (endocarp); analgesic and carminative (seed)

As laxative (leaves)

alterative, laxative and anti-inflammatory agent (bark); expectorant (plant)

Eliminates intestinal worms, antiperiodic, laxative and cholagogue (leaf).

Acrid, laxative (seed, root and its bark), diuretic (root bark), alexiteric, anthelmintic, purgative, demulcent, tonic, alleviates spasms (root).

Hypoglycemic (roots and leaves); laxative (plant); ophthalmic (stem)

The root is used as a mild laxative, sudorific and antipyretic. Alleviates spasms, anticonvulsant, lowers blood pressure, sedative, slows heartbeat and cardiotonic (root and stem); diuretic (aerial part); reduces fever and expectorant (root).

Alleviates spasms (aerial part); diuretic and stimulant (seed); astringent and gentle laxative.

Antigout (seed and corm); alterative, aphrodisiac, carminative and laxative (corms)

Bitter, demulcent, laxative and astringent (whole plant).

All parts of the plant are antispasmodic, cardiotonic, strongly diuretic, emetic, febrifuge, laxative, Hear stimulant and sedative

The root, and a resin made from the root, is cholagogue, diuretic, laxative and strongly purgative. Anticonvulsive (EtOH plant extract); nicotinic (plant extract); induces gastrointestinal irritation (thus, it is considered toxic).

Strong antiseptic and expectorant (resin); antibacterial, carminative, diuretic, emetic, laxative, hydragogue, stimulant and urinary antiseptic.

Laxative and cardiotonic (seed); carminative (leaf infusion); appetizer, carminative, demulcent, laxative, stimulant and stomachic (leaf)