The plant is mucilaginous, astringent, stomachic, alterative, tonic, diuretic and laxative counteracts or neutralizes the effects of histamine (essential leaf oil); analgesic (plant)

Antifungal, antibacterial and laxative.

Anthelminthic, antiseptic, bitter, emetic, gastrotonic, hypotensive, laxative, narcotic, stomachic, tonic.

Laxative (leaf) and antibiotic (saline extract of shoot); purgative, antihelminthic and abortifacient (seeds)

Alterative, anodyne, astringent, blood tonic, detergent, emetic, laxative, pectoral and vermifuge (bark and leaves)

The leaves are alterative, anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, astringent and depurative. The seeds are antilithic, diuretic and stimulant; anthelmintic (leaf, unripe shell, green hull, bark and fruit oil); antisyphilis (unripe shell and green hull); cleansing (bark and leaf); restores health (bark, fruit and leaf); laxative (fruit oil)

Acts as an astringent, alterative, expectorant, laxative and diuretic (leaves)

Stimulates the central nervous system (plant) and aphrodisiac (leaf); laxative, reduces spasms and diuretic. Anodyne, antispasmodic, digestive, diuretic, hypnotic, narcotic and sedative (sap); anodyne and galactogogue (seed)

Laxative (leaf and bark);astringent, stimulant and febrifuge (root); stimulates the cardiovascular system (including the heart),spasmogenic and antiviral (aerial part); purgative, deobstruent and diuretic (leaves); stimulant and febrifuge (bark)

Alterative, diuretic, laxative and tonic (bark); astringent (leaves); expectorant (buds and bark); disinfectant and laxative (needles and inner bark).

Anticancer,depurative, emmenagogue, febrifuge, laxative, narcotic and alleviates spasms (plant); anti-malarial (seeds); rheumatic affections (leaves)

Alleviates spasms, stimulant, diaphoretic, laxative, anthelmintic, antiseptic and insecticidal (plant).

Antiphlogistic, astringent, strongly laxative, cathartic, detergent, depurative, diuretic, hepatic, ophthalmic and purgative (whole plant)

The seed is analgesic, demulcent, emollient, laxative, pectoral and resolvent; increases nerve strength (flower); emollient, expectorant, reduces fever, laxative, aphrodisiac, diuretic and carminative.

Expectorant, diaphoretic, aphrodisiac, laxative, emetic (in large doses), euphoriant, posionous (can be fatal) in very high doses, alleviates spasms, increases nerve strength, psychological aid, relaxing and stimulant.

Carminative and vermifuge (decoction of leaves); analgesic (plant); laxative (pulped and boiled plant).

Emetic and purgative (seeds); demulcent, diuretic, bitter-tonic and nutritive (fruit); abortifacient, antipyretic, expectorant, hypoglycemic, laxative, tonic and vermifuge.

Antiperiodic, aromatic, mildly diaphoretic, laxative, stimulant, tonic (tea made from the bark)

Antiperiodic, aromatic, diaphoretic, laxative, stimulant and tonic (bark); hallucinogen (leaves or bark)

Anticancer, antibacterial and hypoglycemic (fruit); inhibits pregnancy, anthelmintic, astringent and laxative (outer covering of fruit capsule).