All parts of the plant are antiphlogistic, astringent, demulcent, diuretic, emollient, expectorant, laxative, salve, antiseptic and hypothermic.

Tonic, Antifungal, Laxative, Diuretic, Detoxifier, Anti-inflammatory, Febrifuge, Hepatoprotective, Digestive, Nutritive, Anodyne, Anti-Arthritic

Antilactagogue, diuretic, emetic, emmenagogue, emollient,laxative, purgative, vermifuge (whole plant).

Abortifacient, anthelmintic, contraceptive, emmenagogue, galactagogue, laxative, purgative, tonic, laxative and emetic (leaf), cytotoxic and lowers blood sugar (fruit and seed), lipogenic and antilipolytic (fruit), kills insects (seed oil).

Coolant, resolvent and laxative (seeds); expectorant (roots)

Vermifuge (leaves); Alterative, analgesic, antibacterial, antiinflammatory, atipyretic, astringent, carcinogenic, cardiotonic, deobstruent, depurative, diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic, expectorant, laxative, stimulant.

Febrifuge and tonic (roots); tonic and antiseptic (bark); febrifuge, tonic and antiseptic (leaves); diuretic, laxative, emollient and as an emmenagogue (fruit); anthelmintic (roots, leaves and fruits).

Anthelmintic and purgative (bark); anthelmintic and astringent (roots); aromatic, cooling and laxative (fruits).

Laxative (fruit)

Antispasmodic, antiarrhythmic and lowers blood pressure (essential oil); stimulant (root); tranquillizing (in monkeys and mice) carminative, deobstruent, deodorant, diuretic, emmenagogue, laxative, nervine, sedative, stomachic.

Diuretic, stimulant, and antiscorbutic (plant); laxative (seed)

Laxative, diaphoretic, cholagogue, antiinflammatory (leaf juice); expectorant (bark).

Antipyretic, antitussive, aperitif, cardiotonic, diuretic, emmenagogue, expectorant, laxative, stimulant and stomachic (plant); astringent (root); cardiotonic (flowers)

Laxative (resin and root) and antiinflammatory (root); purgative (root-bark)

Antiviral, anticancer (leaf); sedative and laxative (bark of root); stomachic (decoction of roots, leaves and bark)

Diuretic and stimulates the central nervous system (fruit); bitter, hot, laxative; stomachic, carminative, antipyretic (plant)

Laxative (seed); astringent and diaphoretic (root bark); diuretic (bark); alleviates spasms (fruit); anthelmintic, carminative and antiarthritic.

Antiinflammatory, diuretic, hypothermic and depresses the central nervous system (plant); laxative and emetic (seed).

Analgesic, aphrodisiac, astringent, narcotic, hypothermic and lowers blood pressure (latex); alleviates spasms and stimulates the cardiovascular system (fruit); laxative (seed); increases nerve strength, sedative, relieves pain, anticonvulsive, emollient.

Laxative and antidropsical (root); diuretic (root and aerial part).