Sedative and narcotic (root and leaf); antiviral, antiprotozoal and hypoglycemic (50% EtOH leaf extract); anodyne, diuretic, mydriatic, narcotic, sedative.

Astringent, tonic, alterative, purgative, emollient, anthelmintic, antiperiodic, anti-diabetic, antibacterial and antiviral.

Hypoglycemic (root); antiprotozoal (stem bark); hypothermic and stimulates the central nervous system (root and bark); alexipharmic and antihelminthic (fruit).

Anticancer, hypoglycemic, antiinflammatory and stimulates the cardiovascular system (root); antiamoebic, antibacterial, anticoagulant and hypotensive (root bark); diaphoretic, laxative, antipyretic, antiseptic, aids in opening the natural ducts and pores.

Insecticidal, antibacterial and spasmolytic (alcoholic extract of the roots); antidiabetic (leaf paste)

As an aperient and tonic, the volatile oil is used as a counterirritant and stimulant. Antirheumatic and stimulates pancreatic secretions and the gastric mucosa (seed); hypoglycaemic specifically through an increase in the concentration of hepatic glycogen and glycogenesis.

Antidiabetic, cardiotonic, stomachic, antifungal, antiulcerative, antiasthmatic and alleviates symptoms of rheumatism (leaf); increaseses secretion of gastric juices (leaf and seed); antihelmintic, diuretic, laxative and stomachic (seeds).

Hypoglycemic (seed) and mouth antiseptic (leaf decoction); diuretic (seeds)

Lowers blood sugar; as an antidiabetic (root and root bark)

antidiabetic, antiinflammatory

Allergenic, antibilious, antidiabetic, antidiarrheal, antipyretic, antiradicular, antiviral, bitter, carminative, chemopreventive, choleretic, demulcent, diuretic, expectorant, gastrostimulant, hypocholesterolemic, hypoglycemic, immunostimulant, laxative, lipolytic, phagocytotic, probiotigenic, stimulant, tonic.

Carminative (seed); promotes or stimulates the flow of bile and gastric juices, protects the liver, diuretic, laxative, purifies the blood, coolant, sedative, diaphoretic, antiinflammatory and antispermatogenic. Appetizer, cholagogue, depurative, digestive, diuretic, hypoglycaemic, laxative and tonic (root and leaves)

Antigonorrheic (bark); alleviates spasms, carminative (leaf); antidiabetic and antifungal (essential oil).

Hypoglycemic (plant) and laxative (fruit).

Antidiabetic (leaves)

Hypoglycemic (roots and leaves); laxative (plant); ophthalmic (stem)

The seed, with the husk removed, is antirheumatic, diuretic, pectoral, refrigerant and tonic; astringent and irritant (plant); anticancer (grain); anodyne, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, hypoglycaemic, hypotensive, sedative, vermifuge (fruits)

Anodyne, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, hypoglycaemic, hypotensive, sedative and vermifuge (fruits); antitumor (plant); antirheumatic, diuretic, pectoral, refrigerant and tonic (seed without husk); anthelmintic (decoction of the roots).

Tonic and stomachic (rhizome); antidiabetic

Alleviates spasms, anticancer and hypoglycemic (plant); aphrodisiac (rhizome), demulcent, diuretic, tonic.